Tuberculosis associated with transient hemolytic anemia responsive to tuberculosis chemotherapy: a case report.

Tuberculosis has a broad array of manifestations. Hemolytic anemia is a rare cause of tuberculosis associated anemia. It is important to recognize given its severe implications. An 18-year-old teenager with a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis associated with a positive direct coombs test and anemia, responsive to anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy without the use of corticosteroids is presented. She presented a history of chronic asthenia, weight loss, intermittent fever, night sweats, cough and diarrhea without a history of medication use or transfusions, and was admitted at the Hospital Adriano Jorge, Manaus, Brazil. She appeared emaciated, pale, febrile, tachycardic, and dyspneic. She demonstrated fine rales in the left apex. The laboratory findings showed: hemoglobin 8.3 g/dL, hematocrit 27%, MVC 82.1, MCH 25.2, WBC 5.650 (77.4% neutrophils, 11.3% lymphocytes, 10.4% monocytes, 0.9% eosinophiles), platelet count 547,000, positive direct coombs test (IgG), and albumin 2.42 g/dL. In three days, the patient demonstrated a drop in her hemoglobin to 6.6 g/dL, which responded appropriately to transfusion. Chest X-ray revealed a cavitation in the left pulmonary apex. Chest CT confirmed and also demonstrated a tree-inbud pattern. Her sputum was positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). A PPD test was 20 mm. Abdominal CT scan revealed cecum thickening and colonoscopy showed cecal stenosis with diffuse polypoid lesions (Fig. 1). Colonoscopy biopsied culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard blood, urine and stool cultures; AFB exam of urine and stool; thick blood smear; anti-nuclear factor and HIV test were all negative. Tuberculosis chemotherapy of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol (RIPE) was initiated. The hemoglobin normalized without further transfusions, and the coombs test became negative. Corticosteroids therapy was not necessary. Anemia in tuberculosis is caused by nutritional deficiency, malabsorption and bone marrow suppression.1,2 Hemolytic anemia is rare but important to recognize because the use of immunosuppressants may worsen the infectious process and anti-tuberculosis therapy is the definitive treatment. We describe first a Brazilian patient with tuberculosis Fig. 1 – Colonoscopy showing cecal stenosis with diffuse polypoid lesions.